AK-47 Ammunition Size: The Definitive Guide for 2024
Are you looking for comprehensive information on AK-47 ammunition size? You’ve come to the right place. This in-depth guide provides everything you need to know about the AK-47’s cartridge, the 7.62x39mm, including its dimensions, ballistics, variations, and much more. We’ll explore its history, performance characteristics, and its impact on the AK-47’s legendary status. Our goal is to provide you with the most accurate, up-to-date, and trustworthy information available. We’ve compiled data from various sources, including ballistics reports and expert opinions, to give you a complete understanding of this iconic round.
Understanding the 7.62x39mm Cartridge: The Heart of the AK-47
The AK-47, or Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947, is renowned for its reliability and widespread use. A key component of its success is the 7.62x39mm cartridge it utilizes. Let’s delve into the specifics of this ammunition size.
What is the 7.62x39mm?
The 7.62x39mm is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge designed in the Soviet Union during World War II. Its development was influenced by observations of German small arms performance, specifically the StG 44 assault rifle and its 7.92x33mm Kurz cartridge. The Soviet military sought a round that offered a balance between the stopping power of rifle cartridges and the controllability of pistol rounds in fully automatic weapons. The 7.62x39mm was the result.
Key Dimensions and Specifications
The “7.62” in 7.62x39mm refers to the bullet diameter, which is nominally 7.62 millimeters (approximately 0.30 inches). The “39” indicates the case length in millimeters. Here’s a breakdown of the critical dimensions:
* **Bullet Diameter:** 7.62mm (.30 inches)
* **Case Length:** 39mm (1.54 inches)
* **Overall Length:** 56mm (2.20 inches)
* **Rim Diameter:** 11.3mm (.445 inches)
* **Base Diameter:** 11.2mm (.441 inches)
* **Neck Diameter:** 8.4mm (.331 inches)
* **Case Type:** Rimless, Bottleneck
These dimensions are crucial for understanding the cartridge’s compatibility with various firearms and its performance characteristics. Slight variations may occur depending on the manufacturer and specific load.
A Brief History of the 7.62x39mm
The 7.62x39mm cartridge was officially adopted by the Soviet military in 1949, along with the SKS carbine and, most famously, the AK-47 assault rifle. It quickly became the standard cartridge for Warsaw Pact nations and spread globally through military aid and arms sales. Its simple design, coupled with the AK-47’s reliability, made it a popular choice for both military and civilian applications. Despite the introduction of the 5.45x39mm cartridge in the Soviet military, the 7.62x39mm remains widely used around the world.
Variations and Common Loads
While the basic dimensions of the 7.62x39mm cartridge remain consistent, there are variations in bullet weight, construction, and propellant used. Common bullet weights range from 122 to 125 grains. Different types of bullets are available, including:
* **Full Metal Jacket (FMJ):** The most common type, featuring a lead core encased in a copper or steel jacket. These are typically used for target practice and general shooting.
* **Hollow Point (HP):** Designed to expand upon impact, creating a larger wound cavity. These are often used for hunting and self-defense where legal.
* **Soft Point (SP):** Similar to hollow points, but with a soft lead tip exposed. These also expand upon impact.
* **Armor-Piercing (AP):** Designed to penetrate body armor. These typically have a hardened steel core.
* **Tracer Rounds:** Contain a pyrotechnic compound that ignites upon firing, allowing the shooter to see the bullet’s trajectory.
Propellant types and charges also vary, affecting the cartridge’s velocity, energy, and recoil. Always consult the manufacturer’s specifications for the specific load you are using.
Ballistics and Performance of the 7.62x39mm
Understanding the ballistic performance of the 7.62x39mm is crucial for evaluating its effectiveness in various applications. Several factors influence ballistics, including bullet weight, velocity, and ballistic coefficient.
Velocity and Energy
A typical 123-grain 7.62x39mm cartridge has a muzzle velocity of around 2,350 feet per second (fps) and a muzzle energy of approximately 1,500 foot-pounds (ft-lbs). These figures can vary depending on the specific load and barrel length of the firearm.
| Bullet Weight (grains) | Muzzle Velocity (fps) | Muzzle Energy (ft-lbs) |
| ———————– | ———————- | ———————– |
| 122 | 2396 | 1557 |
| 123 | 2350 | 1500 |
| 125 | 2300 | 1471 |
These values indicate that the 7.62x39mm delivers significant energy on target, making it effective for close to medium-range engagements.
Trajectory and Effective Range
The 7.62x39mm has a curved trajectory compared to flatter-shooting cartridges like the 5.56x45mm. This means that the bullet drops more significantly over distance, requiring the shooter to compensate for bullet drop when engaging targets at longer ranges. The effective range of the 7.62x39mm is generally considered to be around 300-400 yards, although accurate shots can be made at longer distances with proper training and equipment.
Stopping Power and Terminal Ballistics
The 7.62x39mm is known for its relatively high stopping power, meaning its ability to quickly incapacitate a target. This is due to its larger bullet diameter and weight compared to smaller cartridges like the 5.56x45mm. Terminal ballistics refers to the behavior of the bullet upon impact with a target. As mentioned earlier, different bullet types, such as hollow points and soft points, are designed to expand upon impact, creating a larger wound cavity and increasing stopping power. FMJ rounds, on the other hand, tend to penetrate more deeply but create a smaller wound cavity.
Comparison to Other Cartridges
It’s helpful to compare the 7.62x39mm to other common cartridges to understand its strengths and weaknesses:
* **7.62x39mm vs. 5.56x45mm:** The 7.62x39mm has greater stopping power and energy than the 5.56x45mm, but the 5.56x45mm has a flatter trajectory and less recoil.
* **7.62x39mm vs. .308 Winchester (7.62x51mm NATO):** The .308 Winchester is a more powerful cartridge with a flatter trajectory and longer effective range than the 7.62x39mm, but it also has significantly more recoil.
* **7.62x39mm vs. .223 Remington (5.56x45mm):** Similar to the comparison above, the 7.62x39mm offers greater stopping power, while the .223 Remington provides a flatter trajectory and reduced recoil.
The AK-47: Platform for the 7.62x39mm
The AK-47 is the quintessential firearm chambered in 7.62x39mm. Its robust design and the cartridge’s characteristics make it a formidable weapon.
Understanding the AK-47’s Design
The AK-47 is a gas-operated, selective-fire (semi-automatic and automatic) assault rifle. Its design prioritizes reliability and simplicity, making it easy to manufacture and maintain, even in harsh conditions. The rifle’s long-stroke gas system contributes to its reliability by providing ample force to cycle the action, even when dirty or fouled.
How the 7.62x39mm Impacts the AK-47’s Performance
The 7.62x39mm cartridge complements the AK-47’s design by providing a balance of power and controllability. The cartridge’s relatively low recoil allows for controllable full-automatic fire, while its significant energy ensures adequate stopping power. The combination of the AK-47’s reliability and the 7.62x39mm’s performance made it a popular choice for military forces around the world.
Magazine Capacity and Variations
The standard AK-47 magazine holds 30 rounds of 7.62x39mm ammunition. However, magazines with larger capacities are also available, including 40-round magazines and drum magazines that can hold 75 or more rounds. The availability of high-capacity magazines contributes to the AK-47’s firepower.
Accuracy Considerations
While the AK-47 is not known for its exceptional accuracy compared to some other rifles, it is still capable of hitting targets at reasonable distances. The 7.62x39mm cartridge’s trajectory and recoil can make accurate shooting more challenging, but with proper training and practice, shooters can achieve acceptable levels of accuracy. Many modern AK variants feature improved sights and other enhancements that enhance accuracy.
Modern Applications and Availability of 7.62x39mm Ammunition
Despite the introduction of newer cartridges, the 7.62x39mm remains widely used in both military and civilian applications. Its continued popularity is due to its availability, affordability, and effectiveness.
Military Use Around the World
Many military and paramilitary forces around the world continue to use the AK-47 and other firearms chambered in 7.62x39mm. The cartridge’s reliability and stopping power make it a suitable choice for various combat scenarios. In some regions, the AK-47 and 7.62x39mm ammunition are more readily available and affordable than newer weapon systems.
Civilian Sporting and Hunting Applications
The 7.62x39mm is a popular choice for civilian sporting and hunting applications in many countries. Its power and availability make it suitable for hunting medium-sized game, such as deer and hogs. Many commercially available rifles chambered in 7.62x39mm are designed for hunting and feature improved accuracy and ergonomics compared to military-style AK-47s.
Availability and Cost
The 7.62x39mm ammunition is widely available from various manufacturers and retailers. Its relatively simple design and widespread production contribute to its affordability. Prices can vary depending on the manufacturer, bullet type, and quantity purchased. Surplus military ammunition is also sometimes available, often at lower prices.
7.62x39mm Ammunition Brands and Manufacturers
Several manufacturers produce 7.62x39mm ammunition, each with its own reputation for quality and performance. Some of the most well-known brands include:
* **Wolf:** Known for its affordable steel-cased ammunition.
* **Tula:** Another Russian manufacturer producing steel-cased ammunition.
* **Brown Bear:** Similar to Wolf and Tula, offering affordable steel-cased ammunition.
* **Federal:** A US manufacturer producing high-quality brass-cased ammunition.
* **PMC:** A South Korean manufacturer producing brass-cased ammunition.
* **Winchester:** A well-known US manufacturer producing a variety of ammunition types.
Choosing the right brand and type of ammunition depends on your specific needs and budget. Steel-cased ammunition is generally more affordable but may not be suitable for all firearms. Brass-cased ammunition is typically more reliable and reloadable but also more expensive.
Safety Considerations When Handling 7.62x39mm Ammunition
As with any firearm and ammunition, safety should always be the top priority when handling 7.62x39mm ammunition. Here are some essential safety rules to follow:
1. **Always treat every firearm as if it is loaded.**
2. **Never point a firearm at anything you are not willing to destroy.**
3. **Keep your finger off the trigger until you are ready to shoot.**
4. **Be sure of your target and what is beyond it.**
5. **Use the correct ammunition for your firearm.**
6. **Wear appropriate eye and ear protection when shooting.**
7. **Store ammunition in a safe and secure location, away from children and unauthorized individuals.**
8. **Never mix different types of ammunition.**
9. **Inspect ammunition before use for any signs of damage or corrosion.**
10. **Dispose of ammunition properly according to local regulations.**
Q&A: Expert Answers to Your 7.62x39mm Questions
Here are some frequently asked questions about 7.62x39mm ammunition, answered by our experts:
-
**Q: Is 7.62x39mm ammunition legal in all states?**
**A:** Ammunition laws vary by state and locality. It is your responsibility to understand and comply with all applicable laws and regulations regarding the purchase, possession, and use of 7.62x39mm ammunition. Some jurisdictions may restrict the types of ammunition that can be purchased or possessed. -
**Q: Can I reload 7.62x39mm ammunition?**
**A:** Yes, 7.62x39mm ammunition can be reloaded, provided you have the necessary equipment and knowledge. Reloading allows you to customize the cartridge’s performance and save money compared to purchasing factory-loaded ammunition. However, reloading requires careful attention to detail and adherence to safety guidelines. -
**Q: What is the difference between steel-cased and brass-cased 7.62x39mm ammunition?**
**A:** Steel-cased ammunition is generally more affordable than brass-cased ammunition. However, steel cases are less flexible than brass cases, which can sometimes lead to feeding or extraction issues in some firearms. Brass-cased ammunition is typically more reliable and reloadable. -
**Q: What is the shelf life of 7.62x39mm ammunition?**
**A:** When stored properly, 7.62x39mm ammunition can last for many years, even decades. Proper storage involves keeping the ammunition in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Inspect the ammunition before use for any signs of corrosion or damage. -
**Q: Is 7.62x39mm ammunition suitable for self-defense?**
**A:** The 7.62x39mm can be effective for self-defense due to its significant stopping power. However, it’s crucial to consider the potential for over-penetration and the risk of hitting unintended targets. Choosing the right bullet type, such as a hollow point, can help mitigate these risks. Always prioritize safety and follow all applicable laws and regulations. -
**Q: What is the best bullet weight for 7.62x39mm ammunition?**
**A:** The best bullet weight depends on your intended use. 122-125 grain bullets are the most common and are suitable for general shooting, hunting, and self-defense. Lighter bullets may offer a flatter trajectory, while heavier bullets may provide greater stopping power. -
**Q: Can I use 7.62x39mm ammunition in an AR-15?**
**A:** No, you cannot use 7.62x39mm ammunition in a standard AR-15. The AR-15 is typically chambered in 5.56x45mm or .223 Remington. However, there are AR-15 variants specifically designed to chamber 7.62x39mm. -
**Q: What is the effective range of 7.62x39mm ammunition?**
**A:** The effective range of 7.62x39mm ammunition is generally considered to be around 300-400 yards. However, accurate shots can be made at longer distances with proper training and equipment. The cartridge’s trajectory and recoil can make accurate shooting more challenging at longer ranges. -
**Q: How does barrel length affect the performance of 7.62x39mm ammunition?**
**A:** Barrel length affects the velocity and energy of 7.62x39mm ammunition. Longer barrels generally result in higher velocities and energies, while shorter barrels result in lower velocities and energies. The optimal barrel length depends on your intended use and the specific load you are using. -
**Q: Where can I buy 7.62x39mm ammunition?**
**A:** You can buy 7.62x39mm ammunition from various retailers, including gun stores, sporting goods stores, and online retailers. Be sure to check your local laws and regulations regarding the purchase of ammunition before making a purchase.
Conclusion: The Enduring Legacy of 7.62x39mm Ammunition
The 7.62x39mm cartridge remains a relevant and widely used round, thanks to its balance of power, affordability, and availability. Its association with the iconic AK-47 has cemented its place in history. Whether you’re a military professional, a hunter, or a recreational shooter, understanding the characteristics of 7.62x39mm ammunition is essential.
Now that you have a comprehensive understanding of AK-47 ammunition size, we encourage you to share your experiences and insights in the comments below. Do you have any tips or tricks for using 7.62x39mm ammunition? Have you found a particular load or brand that works well for you? We’d love to hear from you!
